Smoking, Stigma and Social Class - 1247 Words

The practice of smoking, whether it be the likes of tobacco, marijuana or other substances has been around for thousands of years. It has been a defining feature of many diverse ethnic and social groups and has been noted to take place in a variety of settings—ranging from sacred rituals and ceremonial meetings, private/ personal use, to simple or even somewhat elaborate get-togethers. The sacred and endowed side of smoking tobacco was generally believed to have medicinal as well as spiritual benefits. According to Jordan Paper, â€Å"[tobacco] was used in healing practices among Native peoples in Central and South America in ways similar to their use of powerful psychoactive plants.† It is true that, smoking has taken on many forms, but it†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, numerous states across America have banned smoking in major public places, such as in restaurants, bars, work places, banks, parks and just about any area where there are a lot of people co ngregating. This is an effort to preserve public health. Even some advocates of smoking bans agree that, â€Å"restricting cigarette smoking in public places has clear health benefits and no adverse economic consequences† (Smoking Bans and the Tobacco Industry). The world can function pretty well without smoking, in fact studies showed that since the inception of smoking bans, there is a higher likelihood that a smoker may quit and that there is significant reduction in exposure to secondhand smoke. It not only benefits, non-smokers but it also helps smokers to kick the habit. Providing a flurry of reasons why it is so important to strive for the illegality of that which has done so much harm. With it completely illegal, Americans from state to state would undergo a drastic change—but for the better, our life spans would subsequently increase and we would be one step closer to getting rid of the diseases which have plagued us, as humans so long. Though the ill effects of cigarettes are widely known, some might argue that the details of each case of disease is exaggerated (to shock the public into makingShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of Context By Malcolm Gladwell1709 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognizable form of advertising. These institutions and systems use social stigma. In Malcolm Gladwell’s â€Å"the Power of Context† the power of social stigma is shown by how context effects a situation, And in Karen Ho she identify the social stigma of being â€Å"elite† and getting a higher education. Societal stigma is the way of the system (society) to advertise to their people what is okay, and what is not okay. With societal stigma Society is allowed to manipulate its denizens through peer pressureRead MoreUsing Material from Item a and Elsewhere Assess the View That Crime and Deviance Are the Product of Labelling Processes.705 Words   |  3 Pagesinteractionist approach, this is because it focuses on how individua ls construct the social world through face-face interactions. It recognises the concept of the ‘procedural self’ where ones identity is continuously constructed and recognised in interaction with significant others, this results in the individual’s behaviour, including that related to crime and deviance. Significant others are those who are in high social power and thus able to dictate influence and actively determine an individual’sRead MoreCommon Mental Disorders in Colombian Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagescommon mental do not ask for medical or psychological help due to the stigma attached to mental disorders.2 Common mental disorders show a complex relationship with genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors play an important role in the onset and persistence of symptoms of mental health problems more common in the general population.3 The lifestyles or health-related behaviors such as drinking coffee, cigarette smoking and alcohol use, may change the course of many mental health problemsRead MoreEssay about Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Children1367 Words   |  6 Pages Everyone knows about the various stereotypes and social stigmas that come with socioeconomic status whether they will choose to admit it or not. Society has come to assume that a child who comes from a family of low socioeconomic status, that they will not do as well as a child who comes from a family of a greater socioeconomic status. Unfortunately these assumptions are so ingrained in our brains that we start to follow the self-fulfilling prophecy. When a child from a noticeably low socioeconomicRead MoreRumspringa: Role Conflict Within The Amish Youth Community Essay742 Words   |  3 Pagesviolating a physical stigma by dressing English and wearing earrings and jewelry, smoking, drinking, dating, possessing a drivers license and listening to music and watching TV. Farons daily use and selling of crystal meth is highly illegal making it a crime. He receives multiple death threats after he complies with the polices deterrence agreeing to be wired leading to the raid of a fello w Amish dealers home. The fact that people were out to get him played as an external social control causing himRead MoreNot So Young At Heart1635 Words   |  7 PagesThese include support groups, e-cigarettes, gum, nasal sprays, etc. With an abundance of resources, quitting has become easier than ever. And as quitting has become easier, awareness is at is peak with the rise of the Internet and social media. The stigma around smoking is growing, and the health effects are becoming more noticeable and easily communicated. This invokes the following question: Why do people continue to smoke, knowing that it will damage their health? This advertisement, titled â€Å"Not-so-youngRead MoreDiscrimination And Judgement Based On Their Gender, Class, And Race937 Words   |  4 Pageswomen still have to face discrimination and judgement based on their gender, class, and race. This population clearly reflects the gaps and limitations of primary health care services today. Adelson (2005) reflects on this circumstance as a absence of control of a comprehensive health care program where there is acceptable conduct of resources that can diminish the bureaucratic unbalance. Maternal care, is defined as the care provided to women at different stages of maternity: prenatal, pregnancyRead MoreColonialism and the Indigenous Australians1151 Words   |  5 Pageslimits the life chances of Indigenous Australians. This essay illuminates colonialism as a major contributor to the social marginalisation and low socioeconomic status experienced by indigenous Australian. An analysis of Aboriginal infant mortality rate, a health indicator highlights the difference between biomedical and sociological approach and the embedded negative impact of social marginalisation and low socioeconomic status on the health of Indigenous Australians. The essay will first exploreRead MoreThe Founding Fathers Of Sociology, Emile Durkheim2373 Words   |  10 Pagescommunity is facilitated by a class of actors who carry a stigma and sense of stigmatization and are termed ‘deviant’. Unity is provided to any collectivity by uniting against those who are seen as a common threat to the social order and morality of a group. Consequently, the stigma and the stigmatization of some persons demarcates a boundary that reinforces the conduct of conformists. Therefore , a collective sense of morality is achieved by the Creation of stigma and stigmatization and devianceRead MoreIncrease Taxation Of Tobacco Products On South Korea And Reduce The Levels Of Noncommunicable Diseases1733 Words   |  7 Pagespercentage. In addition, cigarette smoking contributes to almost 35% of the mortality inequality among middle-aged, Korean men4. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was the first international treaty by the WHO and was signed by South Korea in 2003 and ratified in 20054. South Korea has one of the highest prevalence of smoking in the world, making it a target market by multinational tobacco companies5. In 2010, the prevalence of cigarette smoking in Korea was 48.3% among adult men

Prescribing Patterns Of Drugs Used For Treating...

Original Research Article PRESCRIBING PATTERN STUDY IN HYPERTENSIVE OUTPATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL M.S.K.M.CHAITANYA*, D.SATHEESH KUMAR and V.J.VISHNU VARTHAN. Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University, Kattankulathur zip code 603203, Chennai, India. ABSTRACT Aims: The prescribing pattern of drugs used for treating hypertension changes over time in response to changes in recommended guidelines and innovations in drug formulations, among others. In addition, the classes of antihypertensive drugs used vary among the countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the practice of antihypertensive medications in Tertiary care hospital in India. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of prescription pattern for hypertensive outpatients. Place and Duration of the Study: Tertiary care hospital, Tamil Nadu, India and duration of the study was 12 months. Methodology: Prescription pattern of 400 hypertensive outpatients were analyzed on basis of age, percentage of male and female patients, anti-hypertensive drug category, most frequently prescribed hypertensive drug and percentage of one/two drug combination. Results: As monotherapy ACE-Inhibitors 38.25% (153 prescriptions) were the most commonlyShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Older Adults2030 Words   |  9 PagesOur bodies experience many changes as we age. The body can develop depending on a person’s genetic pattern of aging. Also, the choices you make in life can have a more deeper impact on your bodily changes as well. These changes can also be mental or physical. Because of the aging body, older adults may use medication to maintain the liability of their functions and abilities due to aging. Many elderly adults may be unaware of the physical changes caused by drug usage and their bodies may become tolerantRead MoreCase Study on Copd4135 Words   |  17 PagesThis is a case study on a 76 year old man.Mr Alan Chari(pseudonym used to protect the identity of a patient),was admitted over night in my department.He is a divorcee who stays with son.He is a retired teacher and his son is permanently employed by a local company as an electrician.He is independent with activities of daily livings but is occasionally limited by his ill health.He used to be a heavy smoker .After realising the burden COPD has on general New Zealand population ,affecting about15%Read MoreThe Components Of Aerobic Power3835 Words   |  16 PagesDisease and inactivity therefore can impair or inhibit these factors consequently reducing a persons ability to function. The second component is the metabolic function in the body, which can be used to control blood sugar levels. During exercise this can be tested by the ability to deal with changes in muscle and blood PH, the more active someone is leads to higher endurance to metabolites and therefore less muscle fatigue. This component can also be linked in with the third component of muscularRead MoreSelf Medication Practices in a Rural Filipino Community21296 Words   |  86 PagesFactors Affecting The Prevalence Of Self Medication Using Commercial Drugs In A Rural Filipino Family For The Course Research II With Statistics Presented by: Elaiza Joy M. Claravall Hazel Faith W. Cortel Abegail Jane W. Pasion Jave Mar C. Leonardo Minette B. Dangue MSN students Date Presented: May 20 2013 Date Revised: May 21, 2013 Factors Affecting The Prevalence Of Self Medication Using Commercial Drugs In A Rural Filipino Family Abstract Objectives: the purpose of theRead MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 Pagescomplete sample breakdown of doctors and patients. This breakdown can be used to send surveys, as contact information for personal selling or promotion. The folder titled New York on the CD contains all information needed to conduct any of the things mentioned above. There is also an ample sports breakdown for the golf professionals. This is not a sample but all the private golf clubs and the golf associations that could be used for promotional needs as well as selling. All the information neededRead More‚Äà ºa Contemporary View on Health Care System in Bangladesh.‚Äà ¹14806 Words   |  60 Pages In this stage I would use some statistical and graphical analysis tools to interpret the relationship among different variables and factors. The fourth stage is the stage for drawing conclusions and prescribing recommendations. In this stage the results from the previous stage would be used to draw conclusions about different aspects of concerned matters within the organization and prescribe some recommendation for future improvement. The project is base on both primary and secondary informationRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesC—Public Health Workforce Subtitle D—Adapting Workforce to Evolving Health System Needs TITLE III—PREVENTION AND WELLNESS TITLE IV—QUALITY AND SURVEILLANCE TITLE V—OTHER PROVISIONS Subtitle A—Drug Discount for Rural and Other Hospitals; 340B Program Integrity Subtitle B—Programs Subtitle C—Food and Drug Administration Subtitle D—Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Subtitle E—Miscellaneous DIVISION D—INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT TITLE I—AMENDMENTS TO INDIAN LAWS TITLE II—IMPROVEMENT

Motivation and Purchase Intention Luxury Goods †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Motivation and Purchase Intention Luxury Goods. Answer: Introduction Price elasticity of demand refers to the percentage change in the quantity demanded of a good or service due to one percent change in its price (Varian, 2014). The concept of price elasticity of demand plays an important role in the price making decisions of the businesses and price regulatory decisions of the government. It also judges the impact of currency depreciation or devaluation on the earnings from exports (Gal, 2015). This essay focuses on the price elasticity of demand for shoes in general and compares it with that for the shoes of a specific brand, Reebok. Importance of price elasticity of demand for business firms The price elasticity of demand for a product or service is very important for the pricing decisions for a business firm. For setting a particular price for any good or service, it is important to know the market as well as the competition. Various factors affect the pricing decisions of a firm. Price elasticity of demand for a product is the major factor while making any pricing decision for the product, as depending on the coefficient of the price elasticity, the change in price for the product would bring about the change in quantity demanded. This would affect the consumers expenditure and consequently affect the revenue of the firm. If a particular product is highly price elastic, then any rise in the price would invariably reduce the demand for it, and would push down the total revenue of the firm (Haynes, 2015). Hence, a price rise, instead of raising the total revenue, would reduce the total demand for the product if the product were price elastic. However, if the product is price inelastic, then a price rise would not affect its demand, rather, would increase the revenue of the firm. Thus, for getting a profit maximizing price, a firm must consider the price elasticity of demand for its product. If the firm knows the value of price elasticity, then it could decide the amount of price reduction required to get a rise in the revenue to a certain optimum level (Hirschey, 2016). This also helps in the price discrimination by a firm, especially by a monopolist. If the price elasticity of a product is different in different segments of the market, then a monopolist can successfully execute price discrimination. It can charge a higher price to the demand inelastic customers and a lower price to demand inelastic customers (Hollensen, 2015). Goods are classified into necessities and luxuries, depending on its needs. If a good is needed by everyone for living, irrespective of its price, then the good is a necessity. On the other hand, if a good is not really needed for basic everyday living but many people desire to have that, then the good is a luxury (Foxall et al., 2013). For example, shoes are necessary goods. Irrespective of its price, people need to buy shoes for living. Hence, in general, shoes are necessity and price inelastic. A rise in the price for shoes would not reduce the overall demand for it (https://www.ft.com/content/23571378-58a7-11df-a0c9-00144feab49a). Reebok is a big brand in the field of athletic shoes and sportswear. The Reebok shoes are usually high priced than any local brand of shoes. It is a luxury good, as people want to own a Reebok shoe but this is not a necessity. Hence, Reebok shoes are price elastic. If the price rises for a Reebok shoe, the demand falls. Thus, the price elasticity of Reebok shoes is generally higher than the elasticity of general shoes (https://www.moneycrashers.com/difference-between-needs-wants-luxuries/) Factors affecting price elasticity of demand There are various factors that affect the price elasticity of shoes and Reebok shoes in particular (Cameron, 2014). Price: this is the major factor determining the elasticity of for shoes. Law of demand says that, if the price rises, the demand for a good falls. Thus, generally goods are price elastic. Availability of substitute goods: shoes as a general product, do not have any substitute product. Hence, even if there is a price rise, people cannot shift to other products to satisfy the need for shoes. On the other hand, Reebok shoes have many substitute products from other brands. Thus, people have the option to buy shoes from other brands, if there is a price hike of Reebok (Nwankwo, Hamelin Khaled, 2014). Proportion of consumers income: the products that consume a higher percentage of a consumers income generally have high price elasticity. Shoes in general do not take up a very high percentage of peoples income, but, a branded shoe is higher priced than a local or non-branded shoe, and thus, it takes up a higher portion of a consumers income. Therefore, Reebok shoes are more price elastic than shoes in general (Kim, 2012). Necessity and luxury goods: Since, shoes are necessary goods, therefore, a rise in price will not have much effect on the demand for shoes in general. However, Reebok is a luxury brand. Thus, people might not want to buy a high priced Reebok shoe when a local brand is available at a lower price (Livingston, 2016). Habitual consumption: if people buy shoes out of habit, then the price does not matter much. Even if there is a price rise for shoes, people would still buy it out of habit. Time for buying: if the time period for purchasing a product is less, then the product is price inelastic. People have less time to decide whether to buy the product or not, irrespective of its price. If the buying time is more, then the product is price elastic, as people have time to consider the price change and shift their preferences. For shoes, since it is a necessary good, people do not spend much time to decide whether to buy it. On the other hand, since Reebok shoe is luxury goods and high priced, people take more time to decide whether to buy it (org., 2016). This can be illustrated with the help of the following diagrams. Figure 1 shows the inelastic demand curve for shoes and the effect of price rise on its quantity demanded. The demand curve is steeper, shown as D. As the price rises from P1 to P2, there is a small fall in the quantity demanded, from Q1 to Q2. Similarly, when price falls from P1 to P3, then the rise in quantity demanded is not much, shown by a shift from Q1 to Q3. Figure 2 shows the elastic demand for Reebok shoes. The demand curve is less steep than that for the general category of shoes, shown by the curve DR. Since, it is a luxury good, when price rises from P0 to P1, the fall in quantity demanded is bigger, shown by the shift from Q0 to Q1. Similarly, when price falls from P0 to P2, the rise in the quantity demanded is bigger compared to that of the shoes in general category, shown by the movement from Q0 to Q2. The above figure shows the effects of increase in the supply of shoes on the price elasticity. Initially the supply curve was S1, equilibrium is at point E1 with corresponding price P1, and quantity demanded Q1. As supply increases, the supply curve shifts upwards from S1 to S2. Due to this, there is a rise in the price from P1 to P2. New equilibrium is at E2. Since, the demand is inelastic for shoes; the quantity demanded does not fall much and reaches to Q2. Figure 4 shows the effects of an increase in the supply of Reebok shoes on the price elasticity. Since, Reebok shoes are luxury, the demand curve is less steep than that of the necessary goods, shown by DR (Belleflamme Peitz, 2015). When there is a rise in the supply of the rebook shoes, the supply curve shifts upward from S1 to S2 and as a result, price rises from P0 to P1. Equilibrium rises from E0 to E1. Since, the demand is price elastic; the rise in price has a wider effect on the quantity demanded, as it falls from Q0 to Q1. The magnitude of the decline in the quantity demanded of Reebok shoes is greater than that for the shoes in general category. References: Belleflamme, P., Peitz, M. (2015).Industrial organization: markets and strategies. Cambridge University Press. Cameron, P. (2014). Price Elasticity of Demand. Learning.hccs.edu. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from https://learning.hccs.edu/faculty/pamela.cameron/price-elasticity-of-demand Foxall, G. R., Yan, J., Oliveira-Castro, J. M., Wells, V. K. (2013). Brand-related and situational influences on demand elasticity.Journal of Business Research,66(1), 73-81. Gal, J. (2015).Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: an introduction to the new Keynesian framework and its applications. Princeton University Press. Haynes, W. W. (2015).Pricing Decisions in Small Business. University Press of Kentucky. Hirschey, M. (2016).Managerial economics. Cengage Learning. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kim, K. (2012). Demand analysis of clothing and footwear: The effects of price, total consumption expenditures and economic crisis.Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles,36(12), 1285-1296. Livingston, A. (2016). Difference Between Needs Wants (Luxuries) and How to Draw the Line. Money Crushers. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from https://www.moneycrashers.com/difference-between-needs-wants-luxuries/ Nwankwo, S., Hamelin, N., Khaled, M. (2014). Consumer values, motivation and purchase intention for luxury goods.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(5), 735-744. Stlouisfed.org. (2016). Elasticity of Demand, Economic Lowdown Podcasts. Stlouisfed.org. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from https://www.stlouisfed.org/education/economic-lowdown-podcast-series/episode-16-elasticity-of-demand Varian, H. R. (2014).Intermediate Micro economics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.

Talking Heads Alan Bennett Essay Example

Talking Heads Alan Bennett Paper The following text is an essay based on two of the six Talking Heads monologues written by Alan Bennett: Bed Among The Lentils and Her Big Chance. The essay attempts to explain whether anything is lost or gained by reading these plays as short stories rather than seeing performances on television or the stage. The Talking Head monologues were originally written for performance on television, though they are also available as a collection of short stories. It has been suggested that Bennett created the pieces for specific performers, all of who are, to a certain extent, associated with him. It is therefore probable that he tailored the material to suit the individual actors styles. Bed among the Lentils starred Maggie Smith as Susan, who can be thought of as a typical English actress synonymous with intelligent, straight-laced, aloof characters, i. e. Miss Brody, while Her Big Chance starred Julie Walters as Leslie, who, at that time, was best known for her ditsy, flamboyant, comic roles. Casting of this kind makes a difference to the way in which the characters are accepted by the audience. The Actors individual nuances and deliverance would have been taken into account when the plays were written and would make a vast difference to the way in which the characters are shown. Being aware of a particular Actors performance strengthens the language the character uses. It makes the language used appropriate to the characters social background and since all the pieces were intended for performance, there is a musical quality to the text, which makes it sound more effective when read aloud. We will write a custom essay sample on Talking Heads Alan Bennett specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Talking Heads Alan Bennett specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Talking Heads Alan Bennett specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Though the text also stands reasonably well as a series of short stories, the fluent language used by each individual Actor as a repetitive musical rhythm of speech, i. e. Susan with her monotone delivery and Leslie with her high-octane quality, does add to the performance. One of the features of these stories is that there is an invisible barrier between the main characters and the real world. Each person has a secret which is well hidden but never revealed or acknowledged voluntarily. Each person hides her weakness Susans alcoholism and loss of faith Lesleys promiscuity and lack of talent. Each character keeps up a pretence of normality and Bennett shows us, through the eye of the camera, how each person struggles to maintain a facade. The characters dont seem to talk to the audience, but at it. Susan, the vicars wife, tells the story of her alcoholism and rehabilitation. She feels she is trapped in a loveless marriage to an Anglican clergyman, has taken to drink and begun an affair with an Asian grocer. Initially, Susan does come across as someone who is full of contempt for sex, with her description of sex as frightful collisions, or her own sex with Geoffrey as desiccated conjunctions. This at first suggests that she is simply a woman who lacks sexual desire. However, we later discover that it is a mere lack of desire with regards to Geoffrey. Her constant reference to Rameshs wonderful legs indicates great sexual desire. We therefore have this image of Susan as an unfulfilled woman in every respect, which is enhanced by the envious tone in her voice when she notices people, on a Sunday afternoon, Living, but when she refers to Mr Ramesh it is enhanced by the smile on the Actors lips. Susan despises her husband and his loyal band of parishioners and what they stand for but her involvement in the church is so fundamental to her life that she has even started to date important events in her life by holidays and occasions in religion. She remembers sleeping with Ramesh as being the second Sunday after Trinity. This is highlighted by the Actors voice, for example, when Susan is heard to recant part of the Lords prayer it is with a musical preaching tone which had been preceded and immediately followed by a mono-tonal quality, used when she is speaking of her life. Susans appearance is a good indicator as to how she is feeling about herself and her life. When the audience first sees her she is dressed in dull, shabby clothing and has unkempt, lank hair. She makes no mention of her problem with alcohol, except by allusion, until the final scene when she reveals that she has been to Alcoholics Anonymous. Even her rehabilitation is seen by her as another religion and Geoffreys attitude to it and to her are recounted with scant affection. It is apparent by the Actors delivery that there is no love lost between Susan and Geoffrey. He is, we are told, more interested in using the experience as a means of acquiring status as an upwardly mobile parson and according to Susan, this is what is in store for them both as Geoffrey brandishes Susans hand and tells her story all over the diocese. Susan is a changed woman at the end of the story, having, for the time being, given up drinking. This is clearly visible as the character is now well dressed, clean and smart with perfect hair and makeup. She is still Mrs Vicar, but the audience is left thinking that this might not last and there is an uncertainty to her future. Her attitude has not softened at all and this is obvious in the Actors delivery, the same mono-tonal voice and blank expression. It seems that though she is well aware of her situation, she has not yet decided what to do about it and her future is unclear. Susan remains, despite her reformation, a vicars wife who has lost her faith and is still dissatisfied with her marriage and her husband. With Leslie, in Her Big Chance, it would seem that Bennett based this character on various types he had seen in theatrical auditions and we can assume that she does have a certain accuracy. This is heighten by casting Julie Walters in this role. The character is first seen on a sunbed, a pastime considered to give the appearance of health though it is widely known to actually cause health problems. Using this in the opening of the play helps to build an image of Lesley of someone who is superficial and spends a lot of time on her appearance. Lesley believes herself to be professional to her fingertips when in fact she is almost completely lacking in any talent other than taking off her clothes and sleeping with the stage-hands. The parts she has played are minor, although she believes that they are important. From the first moment, Lesley builds up her small role in her head, ignoring the obvious facts that she has the part only because of the size of her breasts and that the (possibly soft-porn) production will have only a small audience. She tries desperately to improve herself, but her efforts at collecting people result only in more casual bed partners. Bennett makes her language very luvvie, and lards her story with theatrical jargon. This is delivered brilliantly by Julie Walters who is stereotypically cast in this kind of role. Lesley has no sense of humour at all, and displays a certain amount of waspishness when other characters puncture her ego. This is heightened by the expression on the characters face that shows that she is completely unaware of the sarcasm in others voices. Her naivety is displayed by the hopeless way in which she records others put-downs, and by her failure to see how distant she is from stardom. Fed by the flattery she receives from her lovers, she has an unrealistic idea of her success. Her self confidence is immense and in fact she is very difficult to like. Bennett, however, cleverly uses enough humour to prevent us from despising Lesley and we feel at the end rather sorry for her, left alone and determined to acquire another skill so that she can offer more as a person. She says at the end of her story that acting is really just giving but what she has to give is really not worth very much at all. The awful truth is that she is a victim of the fast dollar and doesnt even know that she is being exploited. Although neither of the characters intend to be funny, Bennett makes each of them speak in ways which cause the audience to laugh either at their situations or their turn of phrase, for example, Susans account of the flower arranging session with Mrs Shrubsole or Lesleys attempt to be interesting at a party. The humour comes from the seriousness of the characters, they use what they perceive to be appropriate language to recount their stories. The audience, therefore, laughs at their situations and at their pretentious behaviour and often their ignorance within those situations. They are touching and real, and at the same time both tragic and funny and this is heightened when it can be seen on the screen.

Analysis of the Robert Browning Poem My Last Duchess

Analysis of the Robert Browning Poem My Last Duchess Robert Browning was a prolific poet and at times his poetry drew a  stark contrast to that of his famous wife, Elizabeth Barrett Browning. A perfect example is his dramatic monologue, My Last Duchess, which is dark and a daring portrait of a domineering man. Though written in 1842, My Last Duchess is set in the 16th-century. And yet, it speaks volumes of the treatment of women in the Victorian time of the Brownings. The misogynistic character of the poem is also a severe contrast to Browning himself who was a master of negative capability. Browning would often write poetry of men like the duke who dominated (and barely loved) his wife while penning endearing love poems to his own Elizabeth. My Last Duchess is a poem to that engages conversation and it is a perfect study for any student of classic literature. The Contrast of the Brownings Poetry Elizabeth Barrett Brownings most famous sonnet asks, How do I love thee? Let me count the ways? Sounds lovely, does it not? On the other hand, Porphyrias Lover, an infamous poem that was written by Elizabeths husband, would count the ways in a very disturbing and unexpected manner. Step 1) Welcome the beautiful girl into your secret meeting place.Step 2) Listen while she declares her undying love for you.Step 3) Tenderly wrap her long, golden hair around her throat.Step 4) Strangle her.Step 5) Sit happily next to her dead body. The above list is a disgustingly violent scenario, the sort one might expect to find in a grizzly episode of some CSI knock-off or straight-to-video slasher flick. Or maybe its even darker than that, due to the last nihilistic lines of the poem: And all night long we have not stirred,And yet God has not said a word! (lines 59-60) If it were read aloud in a creative writing classroom today, the students would probably shift uncomfortably in their seats, and the unsettled English teacher might very well recommend counseling for the poet. Yet, far from modern, Porphyrias Lover is a product of Englands prim and oh-so-proper Victorian society of the mid-1800s, and the poet was an adoring husband in favor of equality for women. So why then does Browning delve into the mindset of a misogynistic sociopath, not just with Porphyrias Lover, but also with the deviously cruel poem My Last Duchess? Browning exercises what John Keats referred to as negative capability: an artists capacity to lose himself in his characters, revealing nothing of his own personality, political views, or philosophies. In order to critique the oppressive, male-dominated society of his age, Browning gave voice to villainous characters, each representing the antithesis of his worldview. Browning does not eliminate his personal virtues from all of his poetry. This dedicated husband also wrote sincere and tender poems to his wife; these romantic works, such as Summum Bonum, unveil the true and benevolent nature of Robert Browning. The Theme of My Last Duchess Even if readers give My Last Duchess a mere passing glance, they should be able to detect at least one element: arrogance. The speaker of the poem exhibits an arrogance rooted in an audacious sense of male superiority. In simpler terms: he is stuck on himself. But to understand the deadliness of the Dukes powerhouse combo of narcissism and misogyny, the reader must delve deeply into this dramatic monologue, paying close attention to both what is said as well as unsaid. It is evident that the speakers name is Ferrara (as suggested by the character heading at the beginning of the speech). Most scholars agree that Browning derived his character from a 16th-century duke of the same title: Alfonso II dEste, a renowned patron of the arts who was also rumored to have poisoned his first wife. Understanding the Dramatic Monologue What sets this poem apart from many others is that it is a dramatic monologue, a type of poem in which a character distinctly different from that of the poet is speaking to someone else. Actually, some dramatic monologues feature speakers who talk to themselves, but the monologues with silent characters display more artistry, more theatrics in storytelling because they are not merely confessional tirades (as with Porphyrias Lover). Instead, readers can imagine a specific setting and detect action and reaction based on the hints given within the verse. In My Last Duchess, the duke is speaking to a courtier of a wealthy count. Before the poem even begins, the courtier has been escorted through the Dukes palace - probably through an art gallery filled with paintings and sculptures. The courtier has seen a curtain which conceals a painting, and the duke decides to treat his guest to a viewing of a very special portrait of his late wife. The courtier is impressed, perhaps even mesmerized by the smile of the woman in the painting and he asks what produced such an expression. And thats when the dramatic monologue begins: Thats my last Duchess painted on the wall,Looking as if she were alive. I callThat piece a wonder, now: Fra Pandolfs handsWorked busily a day, and there she stands.Willt please you sit and look at her?  (lines 1-5) The Duke behaves cordially enough, asking his guest if he would like to gaze at the painting. We are witnessing the speakers public persona. Notice how he keeps the painting behind a curtain until he feels like showing it to others. He has control over who views the painting, mastery over the painted smile of his deceased wife. As the monologue continues, the Duke brags about the fame of the painter: Fra Pandolf (a quick tangent: fra is a shortened version of friar, a holy member of the church. Note how the Duke uses a holy member of the church as part of his plan to capture and control his wifes image). It pleases the Duke that his wifes smile has been preserved within the artwork. The Character of the Late Duchess During the Duchess life, the Duke explains, his wife would offer that beautiful smile to everyone, instead of reserving her look of joy exclusively for her husband. She appreciated nature, the kindness of others, animals, and the simple pleasures of everyday life. And this disgusts the duke. It seems the duchess cared about her husband and often showed him that look of joy and love, but he feels that the duchess ranked / [his] gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name / With anybodys gift (lines 32 - 34). He might not reveal his explosive emotions to the courtier as they sit and look at the painting, but the reader can deduce that the duchess lack of worshipfulness infuriated her husband. He wanted to be the only person, the only object of her affection. The duke self-righteously continues his explanation of events, rationalizing that despite his disappointment it would have been beneath him to talk openly with his wife about his feelings of jealousy. He does not request, nor even demand, that she alter her behavior because Een then would be some stooping; and I choose / Never to stoop (lines 42 - 43). He feels that communication with his own wife is beneath his class. Instead, he gives commands and all smiles stopped together (line 46). Keep in mind, he does not give commands to his wife; as the duke indicates, instruction would be stooping. Rather, he delivers orders to his minions who then execute this poor, innocent woman. Is the Duchess So Innocent? Some readers believe that the Duchess isnt so innocent, that her smiles are really a code word for promiscuous behavior. Their theory is that whoever she smiles at (a servant for example) is someone she engages in a sexual relationship. However, if she were sleeping around with everything she smiled at (the setting sun, a branch from a cherry tree, a mule), then we would have a duchess who is a not only a sexual deviant  but must possess the physical prowess similar to a  Greek goddess. How else could she have sex with the sun? Although the Duke is not the most reliable of narrators, he keeps most of his conversation on a literal, not a symbolic, level. He may be an untrustworthy character, yet the reader should trust that when he says a smile, he means a smile. If the duke executed a lustful, adulterous wife, that would still make him a bad guy, but a different sort of bad guy: a vengeful cuckold. However, if the duke executed a faithful, kind-hearted wife who failed to revere her husband above all others, then we are witnessing a monologue performed by a monster. That is exactly the experience which Browning means for his audience. Women in the Victorian Age Certainly, women were oppressed during the 1500s, the era in which My Last Duchess takes place. Yet, the poem is less a critique of the feudalistic ways of medieval Europe and more of an attack on the biased, overbearing views expressed during Brownings day. How uptight was Englands Victorian society of the 1800s? A historical article titled Sexuality and Modernity explains that The Victorian bourgeois may have covered their piano legs out of modesty. Thats right, those pent-up Victorians were turned on by the sensuous curve of a pianos leg! Literature of the era, in circles both journalistic and literary, portrayed women as fragile creatures in need of a husband. For a Victorian woman to be morally good, she must embody sensitivity, self-sacrifice, innate purity (Salisbury and Kersten). All of these traits are exhibited by the Duchess if we assume that allowing herself to be married to a creep in order to please her family is an act of self-sacrifice. While many Victorian husbands desired a pure, virginal bride, they also desired physical, mental, and sexual conquest. If a man was not satisfied with his wife, a woman who was his legal subordinate in the eyes of the law, he might not kill her off as the Duke so cavalierly does in Brownings poem. However, the husband might very well patronize one of Londons many prostitutes, thereby obliterating the sanctity of the marriage and endangering his innocent wife with a frightening variety of incurable diseases. Robert and Elizabeth Browning Fortunately, Browning was not transposing his own personality into  My Last Duchess. He was far from the typical Victorian  and married a woman who was both older and socially his superior. He adored his wife  Elizabeth Barrett Browning  so much that together they defied her fathers wishes and eloped. Over the years, they raised a family, supported each others writing careers, and loved each other as equals. Clearly, Browning used what Keats called negative capability to invent a character that was strikingly unlike his own: a vicious, controlling duke whose morals and beliefs contrasted with those of the poet. Yet, perhaps Browning was observing fellow members of Victorian society when he crafted the devious lines of Duke Ferrera. Barretts father, although not a murderous lord from the 16th-century, he was a controlling patriarch who demanded that his daughters stay faithful to him, that they never move out of the home, not even to marry. Like the duke who coveted his precious artwork, Barretts father wanted to keep hold of his children as if they were inanimate figures in a gallery. When she defied her fathers demands and married Robert Browning, she became dead to her father and he never saw her again†¦ unless, of course, he kept a picture of Elizabeth on his wall.

Learn the French Conjugations for Présenter (to Present)

Learn the French Conjugations for Prà ©senter (to Present) The French verb  prà ©senter  means to introduce or to present. While its easy enough to remember because its similar to the English, you will still need to conjugate it to say presented or introducing. The good news is that this is a regular verb and a brief lesson will introduce you to its most important conjugations.   The Basic Conjugations of  Prà ©senter French verb conjugations tend to worry French students because you have so many words to memorize. Where English gives us only a few verb forms for the present, future, and past tenses, French gives us a new word for each subject pronoun within each tense. However, with a word like  prà ©senter, which  is a  regular -er verb, the conjugations are just a little easier. Thats because it follows the most common conjugation pattern found in the French language. If youve studied a few verbs already, the endings you see here should look familiar. The indicative verb mood is the most common and it includes the basic tenses youll need for most conversations. Using the chart, you can find the appropriate conjugation that corresponds to the subject and the tense of your sentence. As an example,  je prà ©sente  means I am presenting while  nous prà ©sentions  means we introduced. Present Future Imperfect je prsente prsenterai prsentais tu prsentes prsenteras prsentais il prsente prsentera prsentait nous prsentons prsenterons prsentions vous prsentez prsenterez prsentiez ils prsentent prsenteront prsentaient The Present Participle of  Prà ©senter For regular verbs, forming the  present participle  is simple. Just add  -ant  to the verb stem and you have the word  prà ©sentant. Prà ©senter  in the Compound Past Tense While you can use the imperfect for the past tense, you may find the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  easier to remember. This is a compound that requires the  past participle  prà ©sentà ©, which tells us that the act of introducing has already happened. The only conjugation you need to worry about here is transforming  the auxiliary verb  avoir  into the present tense. Youll then follow that with  prà ©sentà ©. For example, I introduced is  jai prà ©sentà ©Ã‚  and we introduced is  nous avons prà ©sentà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Prà ©senter While the forms of  prà ©senter  above should be your focus at first, there are a few more simple conjugations you may need at times. For example,  the subjunctive  is helpful when you need to question the act of introducing and  the conditional  is used when its dependent on something else. Both  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are literary forms and typically only found in written French. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je prsente prsenterais prsentai prsentasse tu prsentes prsenterais prsentas prsentasses il prsente prsenterait prsenta prsentt nous prsentions prsenterions prsentmes prsentassions vous prsentiez prsenteriez prsenttes prsentassiez ils prsentent prsenteraient prsentrent prsentassent You may not need  the imperative  for a verb like  prà ©senter  often, but its good to know that when you do use it the subject pronoun is not required. Imperative (tu) prsente (nous) prsentons (vous) prsentez

Expectancy violations theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Expectancy violations theory - Research Paper Example In the context of communication, different theorists have developed their own opinions regarding functionality and definition of communication. Each theory is able to formulate unique viewpoints and thus making people aware about various aspects of communication. One such important theory in the field of communication is Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) (Burgoon et al., 1989). With this concern, this research paper discusses about various aspects of EVT by taking into concern its key concept, assumptions and major components. Moreover, the purpose of the research paper is to develop a worldview perspective and also to analyze the theory on the basis of Griffin’s standards. Theory Summary EVT has been developed by Judee Burgoon which concentrates on determining the importance of nonverbal communication. This theory establishes the significance of nonverbal messages and information processing for forming effective communication. The core concept of the theory is ‘persona l space’ expectations and reaction of people who breach the concept of expectation. ‘Personal space’ can differ on the basis of cultural standards and personal preferences. At times, violating the expectations with respect to personal space is considered as an effective strategy of communication (Burgoon et al., 1989). According to EVT theory, communication is the exchange of information which is considerably high in interpersonal content and can be used to interrupt the expectations of another. The expectations are mainly based on social customs and specific individualities of communicators. Further, the violation of expectations can encourage and force the recipients for making cognitive assessment of such act (Burgoon et al., 1989). EVT model suggests that nonverbal actions of others are adjudicated as communicators by senders along with receivers having certain expectancy. Violation of these expectations can intensify the salience of thoughts regarding the co rrespondents’ behaviour. There are five core components of EVT namely expectations, violations and stimulation, ‘communicator reward valence’, behaviour analysis and violation valence. EVT model tries to forecast and clarify fatal communication outcome such as desirability and encouragement along with macro level exchange patterns. According to EVT model, expectations comprise intellectual, emotional and conative elements that basically functions in the form of social customs and known characteristics of individuals. Burgoon also perceived that expectancies are subjected towards communicators’ characteristics, relationship and context. The context of EVT theory is based on culture and setting. On the other hand, relationship is dependent on liking and social status of people (Cleland, 2010). Concerning the aspects of violation and simulation, if a communicating individual violates the expectations by a certain degree, then this might strengthen the percept ion of the person who became violated. If such violation occurs in an organisational environment, for example, between managers and subordinates, the level of violation can cause the subordinates to pursue the reason for violation of the relationship. The ‘communicator reward valence’ can be duly considered as a primary component of EVT model, wherein the valence of violations can be

Fish Killing Algae Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fish Killing Algae - Essay Example The specific consideration within the article is ten fish mortality events that occurred, primarily involving Atlantic menhaden fish, between July through September 2000 in Delaware, USA. While thermal imaging revealed the occurrence of harmful algae during the 1987 North Carolina incident, such imaging was not successful in detecting elements of the 2000 occurrences. Still, a variety of boaters and residents from the area consistently reported the occurrence of the harmful toxins. There were approximately 2 million dead fish identified in one region, Bald Creek. These fish were examined and they revealed no major lesions. The reason given for the death of these fish was attributed to a lack of dissolved oxygen in the water. While a lack of dissolved oxygen was given as a major consideration in the fish deaths, further examination was conducted. Samples from two of these events were sent to a laboratory for analysis. These samples were taken on August 17th and August 18th. Both of these samples were examined within a twenty-hour period following their extraction. In addition to these samples, live samples were extracted at a later period. The collection of the samples were sent to the Center for Marine Science (CMS) and examined. Ultimately, the complete set of these samples were archived, including both preserved and unpreserved sampled. This constituted the first stage of the analysis. This analysis demonstrated that in addition to the low dissolved oxygen rates there was a phytoplankton bloom dominated by Chattonella cf. verruculosa. Still, the samples from the DNREC area that were collected did not demonstrate the presence of toxic species.The next stage of the research implemented microscopic examin ation of the samples from the fish kill site. These examinations demonstrated that the fish contained a single-cell Raphidophyte alga Chattonella cf. verruculosa. Additionally, naturally occurring brevetoxins were detected in the microscopic fish samples. The next stage of the investigation involved chromatographic, immunochemical, and spectroscopic analyses. These analyses confirmed the presence of brevetoxins. Notably, this was the first confirmed report of these toxins in the area. The analyses continued testing the water for the presence of these materials. By October the study revealed that there was no longer a presence of verruculosa in the area. These findings demonstrated that it is necessary to continually monitor the waters as a means of ensuring they are free from harmful brevetoxins.

A Message to Garcia Essay Example for Free

A Message to Garcia Essay Written by, Elbert Hubbard, is a story written about trying to find the ideal messenger, or employee. And in many cases is hard to find even when it comes to a simple task, in this case, delivering a message. Hubbard goes on to explain that some individuals, when tasked with such a job will make it rather difficult. They will either ask questions, â€Å"who is Garcia? Where is he? Why can’t you do it? Have someone else do it.† Hubbard points out the most common flaws or unwanted qualities of employers when all he, or any employer are looking for is someone who is hard working and can be trusted with an important task regardless of what it is. And that is the type of worker that no employer can afford to lose. No matter when you are, regardless or your occupation, type of company or size, there will always be the workers that are replaceable, irreplaceable, or those who no one will hire. Hubbard explains the vast majority or employees that are in the work force. Lazy, irresponsible, untrustworthy, or are just plain worthless. However, the search for that one who will work hard even when no one is looking is rare to find, and that when he is found, he cannot be let go. After reading this book, it makes one realize, and actually look at whom they work with now, or in the past and see whom or how many actually fall into the category or workers Hubbard described. I for one was able to actually put faces with some of the examples given. More important than that, was looking at where I fit in, or which one describes me the best. Hardworking and the one that is rare and every employer is looking for, sure we would all like to think that but the reality of it, may not be as close as we would like to think. When tasked with delivering a message to Garcia, I would think it be natural for one to ask, â€Å"where is he†, such information is key. Rather than blindly searching for a man named Garcia with out so much of a direction. Does a question make one any less of their overall work ethic? I would think not, but when it comes to questioning the motives and  what is in the letter is completely different. Irreverent questions to the task at hand are unnecessary and would be seen as lazy or nosy. Overall it was an interesting book that makes you think other wise of not only yourself, but also those you work with all well. I would recommend any employer to have their employees read this book for they start working. That way it gives them something to think about, think about themselves and which type of employee they truly want to be. Also gives them an idea of what that employer is looking for in their workers, that way there is no question about what is expected. â€Å"He is wanted in every city, town and village- in every office, shop and factory. The world cries out for such: he is needed, needed badly- the man who can carry a message to Garcia.†

Essay --

Geography is a subject of huge interest to me because it covers a wide variety of topics that are ever-changing and has made me realise how much impact Geography has on our lives. Geography is always relevant, tackling issues in the world today such as overpopulation and climate change. I have been particularly intrigued by the Human side of Geography through studying such topics as Globalisation and Migration. It is the social aspects of Geography that have highly influenced what I would like to study in the future. Fieldwork has been a huge part of my Geography A-level, which I have thoroughly enjoyed as it enables us to work outdoors, allowing exploration aspects that we have not covered in books. I have developed many geographical skills which have increased my independence in the subject. I am now more able to evaluate situations from my own perspective. We recently looked at the redevelopment of London Docklands, a renovation that has provided a catalyst for change, which I find particularly interesting. I am involved in a Geographical Society within the school. This has helpe...

Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations and Scope for Further Research

Chapter –VI FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH This research was broad based, involving multi dimensional study of all possible factors influencing the Personal Market in general and Small Car Market in particular. There are very important findings related to influence of socio-economic issues of Indian middle class, infrastructural issues like development of roads, government policies, price and cost of running and maintaining the car etc.Performance of Tata Motors Nano car, which is the smallest car, in the small car segment, and was positioned to meet the requirement of a spatial segment of Indian buyer was also studied extensively. 6. 1 Findings and Conclusions Major findings and conclusions drawn from the study are listed below -1. 71 percent of respondents have shown their preference towards low engine capacity cars to get higher fuel efficiency. It shows that in future only cars giving higher fuel efficiency will be preferred by Indian consumers. . 73percent of the respondents have shown their preference toward small cars as due to increased traffic and congestion on roads. As vehicle population is increasing continuously and size of city roads started appearing narrow, it can be concluded that small cars will prove sustainable in the future. 3. 74 percent of respondents have shown their preference towards small cars due to parking convenience of roads. In cities due to phenomenal increase in number of vehicles, parking is proving to be a big problem.Parking of small cars is a bit easy and therefore, in future people are likely to prefer small cars. 210 4. In recent past car manufacturers have launched a number of models of small cars with comparable features of big cars, consequently small car owners can now enjoy all these features in small cars also. In all 73 percent of respondents have expressed their happiness due to this reason endorsed the purchase of small car. 5.In India still personal disposable income of majority of respondent is not so high that they can afford to buy a big car and therefore, 71 percent of the total respondents have expressed their opinion that their disposable income permit them to buy only a small car and thus small cars are going to be sustainable in Indian car market. 6. In India due to increase in literacy rate and also desire to lead a comfortable life have induced the people to observe small family norm, which can easily be accommodated in small cars, the of choice people is, therefore, shifting towards small cars. 0 percent of total respondents have expressed the view that small car is good for them as they have small family. 7. 70 percent of the total respondents have expressed their opinion that they prefer the small cars as repair facility is available easily and next to their door for the repair of the same. 8. In past few years the number and percentage of women in employment is increasing staidly. Such women employee prefers the small cars due to variety of reasons. 76 percent of the total respondents have expressed their agreement to the fact that increased women employment has boost the sale of small cars.As this trend is going to persist, the future of small car is bright. 9. Increased affluence and easy availability of loans and finance facilities have led to many two wheeler users to buy their first car which is normally a small car. This has made the small cars sustainable in Indian car market. 78 percent of total respondents have endorsed this fact. 10. In past few years urban as well as rural affluence has increased. This has boosted the trend of urbanization. This in turn induces the people to buy 211 ars. In all 77 percent respondents are of the opinion that growing urban population has boost the market of small cars in India. 11. In past one decade a phenomenon improvement has taken place in the road network. This has induced the sale of small cars in India. 81 percent of the total respondents are of the opinion t hat improved conditions of roads even in small cities have led to increase in demand of small cars. 12. Government of India has formulated such policies which stimulate the sale of small cars. 2 percent of total respondents are of the opinion that favorable government policy has boost the sale of small cars. 13. Price of the cars as well cost of spares, parts and component also govern the choice of a car. Normally price of small cars as well cost of spares, parts and components are comparatively low and affordable. Therefore, people prefer to buy small cars. This fact was endorsed by 74 percent of the total respondents. Thus it appears that small cars are going to be sustainable in Indian market. 14. The cost of repair and maintenance is comparatively very low in case of small cars.This also remains one of the considerations in forming the decision to buy a car. 83 percent of the total respondents are of the opinion that lower cost of repair and maintenance has influenced their deci sion to buy a small car. 15. Government levies taxes on small cars by low rate and rate of insurance of small cars is also very low as compare to big cars which are higher priced, therefore large number of people opts for purchase of small cars. A majority (68%) of the respondents have shown their agreement towards this. 16.About 3/4th of the total respondents are of the opinion that small cars are still preferred choice of Indian consumers therefore, it can be concluded that small cars will be sustainable in Indian car market. 17. 77 percent of the respondents are of the opinion that constantly rising costs of inputs and fuel prices will contribute to the sustainability of small cars. 18. Small cars prove sufficient to meet the family needs of Indian middle class and therefore, small cars remain preferred choice of Indian middle class. 212 This fact was endorsed by 82 percent of the total respondents.Therefore it can be concluded safely that small cars are going to be sustainable i n Indian car market. 19. Over the years a status consciousness has developed among Indian middle class and to fulfill this need they prefer to buy small car as most of them can not afford to buy a big car. Therefore, small cars remain a preferred choice of Indian middle class. 82 percent of the total respondents have endorsed this view and therefore it can be concluded that small cars will be sustainable in Indian automobile sector. 20. Indian middle class consumer is buying a car for either as a necessity or for comfort.The financial constraint therefore does not permit him to have the luxury of expensive, out of reach big cars. 82 percent of the total respondents of this study are of the same opinion. Looking to large base of middle class population in India, it can safely be concluded that small cars are going to be sustainable in Indian car market. 21. Parking of cars at residence is proving a difficult proposition now-a-days. Indian middle class resides normally in compact hous es, parking space is in these houses is limited or non existent.In such conditions Indian middle class finds it is more comfortable with small cars. 83 percent of the total respondents acknowledged this fact and endorsed that the parking convenience at residence induces middle class to buy a small car. Thus it is concluded that small car will be sustainable in Indian car market. 22. Family and peer pressure often plays an important role in making buying decision of a vehicle . In case of Indian middle class this pressure induces them to buy small car. 68 percent of the total respondents were of the opinion that this pressure nduces the Indian middle class to buy the small cars. Therefore, small cars will remain a preferred choice of Indian middle class. 213 23. Working women in general and from middle class in particular prefer to buy a small car due to driving and parking comforts offered by such cars. Therefore, small car is a preferred choice of Indian Middle class working women. About 84 percent of total respondents have endorsed this fact. As the number of middle class women employees is on increase continuously, it can be concluded that small cars will sustain in the Indian automobile sector. 4. The focus of current middle class families is more on spending and enjoying life. Their personal disposable income has also increased substantially. The desire to lead a conferrable life is motivating them to buy a car, and with the financial constraint more then often it is small car. Therefore, popularity of small cars is increasing. 80 percent of respondents have shown their agreement that desire to lead comfortable life among middle class will contribute to the sustainability of small cars. 25. Of late Indian middle class has become status conscious.One of the simple ways to exhibit the status consciousness is to buy a car. Therefore, more and more middle class people are embarking upon the decision to buy a car. This fact is going to contribute to the sustai nability of small cars in Indian automobile sector. 83 percent of the total surveyed respondents have expressed their agreement to this. 26. Number of middle class people is on continuous increasing in Indian, since small car is a preferred choice of this segment, it can be concluded that small car will sustain in Indian market. This view has been endorsed by 81 percent of the total respondents. 7. A very small car launched by Tata Motors is not sustainable in Indian automobile sector as 82 percent of the respondents have expressed their opinion against Nano it is perceived as not safe and stable. 28. Tata Motors Nano is not preferred by Indian consumers in spite of being low price and more fuel efficient, as almost 97 percent of the respondents have 214 expressed their agreement to this. Thus price of car and fuel efficiency of it, are not only the factors taken into consideration by Indian consumers while making purchase decision for cars.Their decisions are governed by other fact ors also like safety, features, driving comfort, status, convenience, etc. 29. Nano is not even preferred by Indian consumers as suitable for â€Å"† Only for City use† car.. 91 percent of the respondents have expressed this view. 30. Nano is not a preferred choice of Indian consumers, neither as a first car nor as a second or additional car. 88 percent of respondents have disown it as their choice as a first car and 93 percent of respondents have disown it as their choice as second or additional car. 31. Tata Motors Nano car was positioned as a better alternative for two wheeler.However those who are using two wheelers for their personal and family use and can afford to buy at least a small car are also having hesitation in buying Nano. 93 percent of the respondents have that they would not like Nano to take out their family instead of scooter or a motor bike. Thus it can be concluded that Tata Motors Nano has lost it’s initial charm and hype created in Indian c ar market. 32 Out of the total surveyed respondents (1500) , 1271 respondents have acknowledged that they are using small car ,remaining of respondents said they are not using a small car.This implies that Indian car market scene is still dominated by small car. 33. 79 percent of the respondents those using small car have expressed their satisfaction with a small car. Remaining 21 percent of respondents were not satisfied by with the small car. This very high satisfaction level with the users, is clear indication of sustainability of small car in Indian market. 34. 83 percent of the total respondents have acknowledged that they would like to recommend the car currently being used by them to the prospective buyers.This again shows that most of the car users are satisfied with their 215 present car, whether big or small, and they would like to recommend the same to the prospective buyers. This study has already established the fact that the sale of small car is dominating, this respon se further support the sustainability of small car in Indian market. 35. This study also reveals that 73 percent of the respondents have expressed their opinion that small car will be the preferred choice of Indian Middle Class and will sustain in Indian car market. 6. RECOMMENDATIONDS AND SUGGESTIONS For this study the questionnaire was so designed to get a clear idea about the preferences, choices, socio- economic issues, financial constraints, influencing factor of government actions and policies, consumer profiles etc. Since the study covers interest of all stake holders of Indian automobile sector, the recommendations are grouped under the following†¢ Recommendations for the car and auto component manufactures. †¢ Recommendations for auto finance organizations. †¢ Recommendations for policy planners- †¢Recommendations for prospective car buyers. One important finding coming out of this study, which can change significantly the dynamics of Indian business, is shift in the consumer profile. Though the urbanization is taking place at a very high rate, it is the consumption of Rural India which is increasing at faster rate then Urban India. There for the recommendations for the basis of shift in consumer profile are grouped together, for the four segments of stake holders as specified above. 216 6. 2. 1 Recommendations for the car and auto component manufactures1.The fuel efficiency is one of the prime concerns of the car users and therefore it is recommended that the future car engine designee should be based on fuel efficiency and note on high horse power. 2. The availability of repair facility is having influence on buying decision, and therefore it is recommended that the car manufacturer should address this requirement before introducing any high technology based models of small cars for Indian market. 3. The study reveals that the small car is preferred by working women.Introduction of some variance of the car models having â€Å"Wo men friendly accessories† will attract the women customers. 4. The cost of the spare parts is of concern of car users. To boost the sale of their product it is suggested that the auto component manufacturers, open their dealer networks and service outlets to meet customer’s requirements directly. This is already in practice for car batteries, tyers etc. The Auto electrical segment can also use this. 5. The study reveals that there is shift in consumer profile. The consumer in he rural area is having more stakes in consumption. Currently the car designs are for the urban users. It is recommended that to take advantage of this shift some variance of car models can be designed to attract rural customers. 6. The Tata Motors Nano car is having low price and fuel efficient engine, but as the study reveals it is not accepted by consumers due to various issues like safety, durability, not suitable for long distance travel etc. It is recommended that car manufacture should take a note of this in designing the future models.They are advised to conduct the extensive survey of consumers, particularly, of Nano users, that why a small car launched in Indian car market with a big fan fare could not pick-up and lost its charm in a very short span of time, so that they can revive Nano as per expectations of public and can make it a great success in Indian car market. 217 7. Although 79 percent of the small car users have expressed their satisfaction with the small car being used by them, but 19 percent of the respondents have also expressed their dissatisfaction with the small car which can not be termed as insignificant from any yardstick.Small car manufacturers are advised to develop a suitable mechanism to identify such dissatisfaction and must take concrete steps to overcome their dissatisfaction. 6. 2. 2 i. Recommendations for auto finance organizations. One of the findings of the study is that financing of car purchase is key driver of auto industry. In the discussions it is felt that, as the disposable income is low in the beginning of the career and increases with the passes of time the initial Equated Monthly Installments (EMIs) are proved heavy and burdensome on the purchasers. ii.It is therefore, recommended that auto finance companies can adopt a model of financing in which monthly payment in the initial period can be low, with a gradual increase afterwards. 6. 2. 3 Recommendations for government and policy planners(i) The constantly increasing fuel prices on the one hand support the choice of small car but on the other hand the cost conscious consumer may stop shifting from two wheelers to car. The government, therefore, can take suitable policy decision to offset the impact of increased fuel price by reduction of other taxes and duties on fuel. ii) The study reveals the concern of the parking and traffic congestion on roads. It is recommended that â€Å"Town Planers† and policy makers in the government should suitably ad dress these problems. Looking to the shortage of parking area in the city following solutions can be considered(a) Providing high-rise parking setups with lifts. 218 (b) Parking plazas out side city, with rapid transport system connectivity to business areas. (c) Making it mandatory to use roof tops for parking, like basement is used of high-rise buildings. (d)The traffic congestion on road, especially in cities, is often because of non adherence to the driving discipline by users. The traffic management system, therefore need to be made more efficient, active and accountable. (iii) To further boost automobile sector, more reforms in this sector are required, Since the Auto Policy published in 2002, is already more then a decade old a working group of experts should be asked to come out a new policy frame work, taking into consideration the current status and challenges. 6. 2. 4 Recommendations for prospective car buyers. (i)From this study one fact has come out clearly that, curren tly many models with many variances in each model, are available for a buyer. It is therefore recommended that in selecting a car the buyer should carefully evaluate the technical specifications, and match, the same with his needs. (ii) There are different schemes with different auto finance organizations. With a careful study of the schemes available at the time of car purchase, substantial saving in car financing can be obtained. (iii) Tata Motors Nano car is not favored by majority of the respondents, due to their perceptions, related to safety, stability, status symbol etc.However the manufacturer is continuously working to rectify these concerns. For the buyers having low disposable income, it is therefore recommended that at least considering the very low price of this car, the current model available at the time of purchase can be once again technically evaluated (iv) The government policies for protection of environment are also influencing the engine type and the fuel used in a car. It is therefore 219 recommended that buyer should select a model which is having futuristic technology engine. 6. 2. 5 ESPECIAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE BASIS OF SHIFT INCONSUMER PROFILEThis study reveals the fact that the ‘Rural Market’ of India is growing more rapidly then ‘Urban Market’. The perception of car manufacturing industry as well as policy planers with the government in India has considered car as a commodity for urban population. This sift in the consumer profile if taken into serious consideration can lead to following recommendations6. 2. 5. 1Recommendations for the car manufacturesi. The interior design of the cars for the future models can be reviewed, and new models or at least some variants of new models can have features suitable for rural buyer.To give examples the long front seat of retro models can be reintroduced, the capacity of petrol tank can be increased etc. ii. The topographic requirement of rural area can be considere d for technical specifications, of the cars e. g. wheel size, road clearance etc. to make it more acceptable in rural India. It is necessary to provide additional protection against dust to the vital elements, like fuel injection systems, carburetors, ignition system etc. iii. It is recommended that car manufacturers explore the possibility of introducing â€Å"Four Wheel Drive† system in small car as well. iv.The Personal car sales- net work currently focuses more on urban India, a shift is recommended in this approach. v. It is recommended that, after sale service net work is to be extended to rural area. Since the area to be serviced will be very large, a module having a central workshop with mobile service vehicles attached to it can also be considered. 220 vi. For the manufacturer like Maruti having major stake in small car segment, it is recommended that they can develop a system through which some selected fuel outlets can be used for providing authorized repair servic e by tanning the staff of fuel outlet. . 2. 5. 2 Recommendations for auto finance organizationsi. The current system of Equated Monthly Installments, is meeting the requirements of urban consumers which are generally fixed monthly income employees. The earning pattern of the rural consumers is different as it is seasonal. Therefore it is recommended that schemes where the option of repayment in unequaled installments, with a rider to make the complete repayment in a predefined period can be introduced. ii. The cooperative banks are generally very strong in rural India.It is recommended that captive auto finance companies can start exploring the possibilities of working with these banks. 6. 2. 5. 3Recommendations for policy plannersThe growth in auto industry segment works as a catalyst for the entire manufacturing sector. This growth is meeting the two very important key objectives of the government e. g. Improved GDP and more employment. It is therefore recommended that the policy planners in government should design the policies which can boost the sale of cars (small cars) in Indian ruler market.Some of the suggestions are as underi. It is recommended that in place of uniform road taxes throughout the state, a system of differential taxes based on the type of the area in which a personal vehicle is in use can be implemented. ii. To increase the use of cars, more priority should be also given to the roads connecting the villages to nearby cities. 221 iii. It is recommended that like agriculture equipments the soft loan schemes, for rural user to be extended for Personal Vehicles iv.Government should consider suitable tax incentives for the promotion of R & D in the automobile sector, which can be directly attributed to suitable vehicle for Rural India 6. 2. 5. 4 Recommendations for prospective car buyers. i. The service backup is very necessary for the high technology based cars. It is therefore suggested that buyer should examine this aspect carefully. ii. The road conditions may very from the cities in the rural area. The car specifications required to be looked into, from this angle. 6. 3 Directions for Future/ Further Study i. The study pertains to study of sustainability of small cars in Indian automobile sector.This study opens the scope for conducting future researches on the sustainability of big cars MPVs, SUVs, LCVs and heavy vehicles. ii. The study is confined to conduct the study of market sustainability; however, future studies may be undertaken for conducting the technical sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability, and financial sustainability of small cars or any other product. iii. The study also opens the avenue of conducting such study at international level covering different dimensions of sustainability of small cars. 222

Historical Background of Rural Finance of Bangladesh

Historical background of rural finance The non-institutional or informal rural finance Informal rural finance markets enable flow of funds and transfer of rural financial assets through relatively localised transactions in money, and real goods and services among friends, relatives, kin-members, landlords, neighbours, shopkeepers, farmers, artisans, itinerant traders, marketing intermediaries, village mahajans (moneylenders), and other local income groups.Informal financial markets do exist in urban areas, but are more prominent in rural areas where institutional sources of finance are either absent or insufficient to cater to the needs of funds of local professionals of different categories. The sources of informal rural finance in most developing countries include (a) professional moneylenders; (b) agricultural moneylenders; (c) commission agents; (d) relatives and friends, and different associations of rural professionals/self-help groups; (e) well-to-do rural people; and (f) shop -keepers, and marketing intermediaries and proprietors.Contrary to formal rural finance, the informal segment of rural financial markets is not subject to regulation. The institutional or formal rural finance The sources of funds in the formal part of rural finance markets are mainly: (a) co-operatives that meet the needs of short, medium and long-term credit; (b) commercial, cooperative and specialised banks; (c) micro-finance institutions (MFIs) and NGOs conducting micro-finance operations; (d) agri-product marketing associations; and (e) land mortgage banks, and various government agencies including those established for agricultural development.The operations of financial institutions in formal rural financial markets are typically heavily regulated, and the nature and extent of formalities, as well as the interest rate structure, usually make access to credit from this market restricted to limited segments of the rural population. . Before (1971) Formal financing through instit utional sources evolved in Bengal during the British period. The Hindustan Bank was established in Calcutta in 1700. The Bengal Bank, established in 1784, is considered to be the first British-patronised modern bank in India to start trading in credit and money.The 14 prominent banks operating in Bengal during the British period were located in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rangpur, Chandpur, Mymensingh, Pabna, Dinajpur, Comilla, and Narayanganj. In addition to these bank offices, 17 loan offices were established which operated throughout the Bangladesh region between 1850 and 1894. These were at Faridpur (1865), Bogra (1872), Barisal (1873), Mymensingh (1873), Nasirabad (1875), Jessore (1876), Munshiganj (1876), Dhaka (1878), Sylhet (1881), Pabna (1882), Kishoreganj (1883), Noakhali (1885), Khulna (1887), Madaripur (1887), Tangail (1887), Nilphamari (1894), and Rangpur (1894).These loan offices extended their lending activity to the rural areas and gave short, medium and long-term credits. Pr ovincial co-operative banks were established in 1912 under the Co-operative Society Act that was passed and enacted in the same year. The Bengal Co-operative Societies Act 1940 was enacted to allow the formation of co-operative societies. Following the Partition in 1947, Pakistan inherited a banking and credit structure from the British regime consisting of 631 bank offices belonging to both local and foreign banks.Of these offices, only 159 were in rural areas. The State Bank of Pakistan, the central bank of the country, came into being in 1948 and attempted to strengthen the country's credit system through setting up new branches of commercial banks and other types of credit institutions in rural areas. In addition to the progress achieved in commercial banking, other credit institutions had also been established to satisfy the need for medium and long-term credits for rural trade, agriculture, industry, and housing in the 24 years between 1947 and 1971.Among credit institutions, the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan had its branches in the rural areas of both the provinces. The East Pakistan Provincial Government's loan for agriculture in East Pakistan was Rs 28 million in 1956 and Rs 25 million in 1961-62. takavi loans for West Pakistan and Agricultural loans for East Pakistan constituted the operations of the government as a direct lender with no intermediate link between it and the agriculturists. Co-operative societies and organisations played a significant role in providing agricultural credit.Total credit disbursed by East Pakistan credit societies for agriculture was Rs 27. 5 million in 1948-49 and Rs 4 million in 1959-60. Non-credit co-operative societies provided Rs 1. 6 million in 1948-49 and Rs 0. 5 million in 1959-60. There were 8 land mortgage banks in East Pakistan at the end of 1959-60. These banks advanced Rs 0. 63 million to farmers for redemption of old debts and permanent improvement of land. There were 83 central co-operative ban ks in East Pakistan in 1948-49. Together, they provided Rs 17. million in 1948-49, Rs 10. 64 million in1955-65 and Rs 28. 8 million in 1959-60 to the agricultural sector. The Central Multipurpose Societies that existed in East Pakistan at that time often resorted to credit business in order to fulfil the requirements of areas which were not served by central co-operative banks. There were 62 societies in operation in 1959-60. Their total outstanding credit was Rs 6. 02 million. After (1971) After independence in 1971, Bangladesh inherited a weak banking system, which had 1,130 branches of 12 banks.Between 1971 and 1976, Bangladesh Krishi Bank (formerly the Agricultural Development Bank) and the co-operatives were the two institutions that were meeting the need of agricultural credit. To increase the flow of credit for agriculture, the government inducted the NCBs in the field of agricultural credit in 1976 under a new programme called Special Agricultural Credit Programme (SACP) whi ch was designed to cater to all seasonal crop loans. Rural branches of NCBs are now engaged in agricultural credit.As against a total disbursement of Tk 860 million by the banking system in 1976-77, the agricultural loans rose to Tk 3. 75 billion in 1980-81, Tk 11. 5 billion in 1984-85 and Tk 76. 3 billion in 1999-2000. The 844 branches of bangladesh krishi bank (BKB) and 301 branches of rajshahi krishi unnayan bank (RKUB) are engaged in providing agricultural credit. At present, BKB has set its target to distribute a total credit of Tk 14. 5 billion for agriculture in 1999-2000. Previously, the bank disbursed total agricultural credit of Tk 4. 897 billion in 1997-98, Tk 11. 69 billion in 1998-99, and Tk 9. 175 billion in 1999-2000. RKUB distributed agricultural credit amounting to Tk 1. 517 billion in 1997-98, Tk 2. 50 billion in 1998-99, and Tk 2. 636 billion in 1999-2000. Other major institutions providing rural finance in Bangladesh are the Bangladesh Samabaya Bank Ltd (BSBL), t he apex institution of all central co-operative societies, co-operative land mortgage banks, central sugarcane growers associations and thana co-operative societies. Any of the above societies can be a member of the Samabaya Bank Ltd, which had 511 members on 30 June 1999.Total loans and advances of the BSBL as of 30 June 2000 was Tk 27. 43 million, of which Tk 25. 94 million was distributed to the agricultural sector. The rate of interest charged by the institutions of the country's banking systems engaged in agricultural credit varied from 9. 75 to 15. 50% on 30 April 2000. Despite the significant increase in the amount of total agricultural credit in the country during the last two and a half decades, NCBs, BKB and the RKUB together cater to only 50% of the total agricultural credit at present. The rest is being provided by the informal money market.A Lead Bank Scheme is in operation for co-ordinated distribution of agricultural credit throughout the country. Under this scheme, e ach of the branches of NCBs, and BKB was allocated one or more of the Unions for servicing agricultural credit so that the NCBs, together with BKB and RKUB, could cover the entire country. For each financial year, the central bank of the country (bangladesh bank) formulates and promulgates the agricultural credit policy according to which banks and other institutions operate their agricultural credit-giving activities.The agricultural credit market in the country is highly vulnerable as most part of the credit is non-performing and eaten up by big farmers, the rural rich elite, and touts. On the other hand, a large portion of institutional agricultural credit goes to the informal market and for re-lending to needy farmers and the rural poor at exorbitant interest rates. A huge amount is also diverted for consumption and other purposes. Moreover, the recovery rate of agricultural credit in the country is now only around 42%, which is a heavy barrier to its expansion.The NGOs operatin g in the country with microcredit programmes also constitute a major group of formal institutions providing rural finance. They work with the rural poor who are largely bypassed by the banking system and other credit-giving agencies. A few NGOs are also working with the urban poor. One statistical report on 369 NGOs, the grameen bank, Palli Karmasahayak Foundation (PKSF), and the Ministry of Youth and Sports reveals that these institutions distributed Tk 535. 9 million to their 4,926,427 borrower-members in 1998. .

Business ethic chap Essay Example

Business ethic chap Essay Example Business ethic chap Essay Business ethic chap Essay The purpose of this lesson is to introduce the student to ethics. You will give students a basic understanding of ethics and show where employees face the dilemma of balancing their own moral standards with those of the company they work for and the supervisor or manager to whom they report to on a daily basis. CHAPTER OUTLINE The textbook outlines the chapter with the following seven headings. As an instructor, you can use the headings to focus and direct your major lecture topics. What is ethics? Understanding Right and Wrong The Golden Rule Ethical Theories Ethical Relativism Ethical Dilemmas Ethical Reasoning CHAPTER OBJECTIVES You will find notations throughout the support material indicating the appearance of the objectives. The notations will appear, for example, as BOX 1. 1 for Chapter 1 r objective 1. Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: 1 . Define ethics. Assessment Method Progress check questions Assignments/activities 2. Explain The Golden Rule. Assessment Method 3. Define ethical relativism. Progress check quiz 4. Define applied ethics. . Recognize an ethical dilemma. 6. Understand the process for resolving an ethical dilemma. Assessment Method ASSESSMENT TOOLS This chapter supplement includes quizzes, homework assignments, a test bank, projects, and group exercises. KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS Key terms and concepts are posted in the student textbook margins. They are compiled here alphabetically for your quick reference. You can use this t able to check off terms as they are covered in class. Write the terms you will be covering in your lesson on the board prior to class. Refer to the board during the lecture time. Also do a quick review of the terms after the breaks by asking students to provide an extemporaneous benefiting. It will help students refocus prior to resuming the lecture. For online faculty, post terms of the day for students to review. Include a definition quiz as part of your daily lesson. Select the key terms from the board, give the definition, and have the students write the correct term. Term Definition Page The Golden Rule Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. 7 Applied ethics The study of how ethical theories are put into practice. Culture A particular set Of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group Of individuals. 4 Ethical dilemma A situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer. 9 Ethical reasoning Looking at the information available to us in resolving an ethical dilemma, and drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards. 13 Ethical relativism W here your ethical principles are defined by the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment. Ethics How people try to live their lives according to a standard of right or wrong behaviorin both we think and behave toward others and how we would like hem to think and behave toward us. 5 Instrumental value Where the pursuit of that value is a good way to reach another value. 5 Intrinsic value Where a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake, whether anything good comes from the pursuit or not. 5 Society A structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs. Universal ethics Actions are taken out of duty and obligation to a purely moral ideal rather than based on the needs of the situation, since the universal principles are seen to apply to everyone, everywhere, all the time. 8 utilitarianism Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest number of people. 8 Value syste m A set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior. 5 Virtuous ethics A concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear idealwhat sort of person would like to become, and how do I go about becoming that person? 7 LESSON OUTLINE Estimated time Topic Description Asset 5 minutes Administrative Take attendance. Roster 10 to 25 minutes Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 What is ethics? 1 . The field of ethics is the study of how people try to live their lives according o a standard of right and wrong behavior. 2. How people derive at the definition of whats right or wrong is a result of many factors. Teaching tip: Ask students what factor influences peoples definition of what is right most. Answers may vary. Objectives or wrong the Discuss each of the objectives to be completed during the lesson with the class. Upon completion of this chapter, the student will be able to: 1. Define ethics. 6. Understand the process for resolving an ethical dil emma. Textbook p. 3-4 Powering slide 3 25 to 55 minutes Lecture 1 BOX 1,2, 1. 3 people do not acquire their personal moral standards same way that you learn the alphabet. 2. When individual LULAS share similar standards in a community, we can use the terms values and value system. In the Teaching tip: Ask students if the terms morals and values are often used to mean the same thing. Students should be able to agree that both are used to mean the same thing. . An intrinsic vial u-?where a value is a good thing in pursued for its own sake, whether anything goods come from that pursuit or not. Itself and is Teaching tip: Ask students to identify some examples of things that have intrinsic value to them. Responses should include: happiness, health, and self-respect. 4. An instrumental value-?where the pursuit of that value is a good way to reach another value. Teaching tip: Ask students if this statement is true, Money cant buy happiness. Answers will vary, however students should rea lize there is truth underlining this statement. 1. For some, the goal of living an ethical life is expressed by The Golden Rule; do unto others as you would have them do unto you or treat others as you would like to be treated. Teaching tip: Ask students if the golden rule is effective for allowing an individual to live an ethical life. Answers will vary. 1 . The Greek philosopher Aristotle belief in individual character and integrity established a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal-?what sort of person would like to become, and how do I go about becoming that person? 2. The problem with virtuous ethics is that societies can place different emphasis on different virtues. 3. Ethics for the greater good theory is focused on the outcome of your actions rather than the apparent virtue of the actions themselves-?that is, a Ochs on the greatest good for the greatest number of people. 4. Originally proposed by a Scottish philosopher named David Home, this approach to ethics is also referred to as utilitarianism. Teaching tip: Ask students what the problem is with this approach. Students should be able to identify that this idea promotes the idea that the ends justify the means. 5. Originally attributed to a German philosopher named Emmanuel Kant, universal ethics argues that there are certain and universal principles that should apply to all ethical judgments. 1 . Ethical relativism is where your ethical principles are defined by the radiation four society, for your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment. Teaching tip: Ask students w hat the idea of relativism implies. Students should conclude that this idea implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black-and-white rules. P. -8 Powering slides 3 4 Frontline Focus Doing The Right Thing Megan is a rental agent for the Oxford Lake apartment complex. The work is fairly boring but shes going to school in the evening, so the quiet periods give her time to catch-up on her studies, plus the discounted rent is a great help to her budget. Business has been slow since two other apartment complexes opened up, and their vacancies are starting to run a little high. The company recently appointed a new Regional Director to inject some energy and creativity into their local campaigns and generate some new rental leases. Her name is Kate Jones and, based on first impressions, Megan thinks she would sell her grandmother an apartment as long as she could raise the rent first. Skates first event is an Open House, complete with free hot dogs and cokes and a clown making balloon animals for the kids. They run ads in the paper ND on the radio and manage to attract a good crowd of people. Their first applicants are Michael and Tania Wilson, an African American couple with one young son, Tyler. Megan takes their application. Theyre a nice couple with a stable work history, more than enough income to cover the rent, and good references from their previous landlord. Megan advises them that they will do a background check as a standard procedure and that things look very good for their application. After they leave, Kate stops by the rental office. How did that couple look? Any issues with their application? None at all answers Megan. I think theyll be a perfect addition to our community. Dont rush their application through too quickly/ replies Kate. We have time to find some more applicants and in my experience, those people usually end-up breaking their lease or skipping town with unpaid rent. 1. What would be The Right Thing to do here? How would The Golden Rule on page 7 relate to Means decision? At this point, Megan has no reason not to treat the Willows application in the same way as any other application for an apartment at Oxford Lake. Despite Skates instruction to not rush their application thro ugh too quickly, the aground check on the Willows should proceed as normal. The Golden Rule suggests that you should do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Megan should consider how she would feel if her application for a job or an apartment was tagged by a reviewer and held back in some way. 2. How would you resolve this Ethical Dilemma? Review the 3-step process on page 1 1 for more details. Megan should continue to take applications but also allow the Willows background check to proceed as normal. 1 . Analyze the Consequences: Kate might be right and the Willows might break their lease, but Oxford Lake takes he same risk on any tenant and it would be wrong to start profiling applicants on anything other than their application criteria. Also, if Megan did bury the Willows application and they found out, Oxford Lake could be sued for discrimination. 2. Analyze the actions: Burying the Willows application would cross the line. 3. Make a decision: Not following through on the Willows application would be the same as not rushing. Megan has to decide if there is a greater risk in following Skates instructions and exposing the apartment complex to the risk of a lawsuit, or doing the right thing and vomiting applications based on the companys criteria rather than Skates instincts. . What should Megan do now? Answers may vary depending on a comfort level with job security (or the lack thereof). Megan should do the right thing and process the Willows application as normal, while continuing to take additional applications.